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Giovanni di Paolo
Giovanni di Paolo di Grazia (''c.'' 1403–1482) was an Italian painter, working primarily in Siena. He may have apprenticed with Taddeo di Bartolo, becoming a prolific painter and illustrator of manuscripts, including Dante's texts.
He was one of the most important painters of the 15th century Sienese School. His early works show the influence of earlier Sienese masters, but his later style was more individual, characterized by cold, harsh colours and elongated forms. His style also took on the influence of International Gothic artists such as Gentile da Fabriano. Many of his works have an unusual dreamlike atmosphere, such as the surrealistic ''Miracle of St. Nicholas of Tolentino'' painted about 1455 and now housed in the Philadelphia Museum of Art, while his last works, particularly ''Last Judgment, Heaven, and Hell'' from about 1465 and ''Assumption'' painted in 1475, both at Pinacoteca Nazionale (Siena), are grotesque treatments of their lofty subjects. Giovanni's reputation declined after his death but was revived in the 20th century.
==Early works==
Giovanni di Paolo was first documented in 1417 working for the Sienese Dominican Order as a miniaturist (manuscript illuminator).〔Timothy Hyman, ''Sienese Painting'' (New York: Thames & Hudson, 2003), 160.〕 Most of Giovanni's commissions came from local monastic communities which is apparent because so many of his early works are altarpieces for such churches.〔Keith Christiansen, Laurence B. Kanter and Carl Brandon Strehlke, ''Painting in Renaissance Siena'' (New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1988), 169.〕 For example ''The Virgin and Christ Child with Saints Bernardino, Anthony Abbot, Francis and Sabina'' and ''The Lamentation Over the Dead Christ'' (1462–3), a "square panel painting" altarpiece commissioned by Pope Pius II (of the noble Sienese Piccolomini family) for his recently finished cathedral.〔Diana Norman, ''Painting in Late Medieval and Renaissance Siena'', (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003), 212.〕
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